Molecular Basis Of Biology And Biotechnology - 4394 Words

MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS FOLLOWING CCL4-INDUCED HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE IN MICE ELIAKIM MBAKA (MSc.) I84/29467/2014 DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY A proposal submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Medical Biotechnology) in the School of Pure And Applied Sciences of Kenyatta University May 2015 Declaration This research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university Name: Eliakim Mbaka Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. I84/29467/2014 SUPERVISORS: This proposal has been submitted for review with our approval as supervisors Dr. Mathew Piero Ngugi Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Dr. David N Mburu Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Dr. Richard Oduor Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Contents Declaration ii LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS v ABSTRACT vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of information 1 1.2 Problem statement 4 1.3 Justification 5 1.4 Hypothesis 6 1.5 Objectives 6 1.6 Significance 7 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2.1 Overview of liver functions 8 2.2 Hepatotoxicity 8 2.3 Conventional and TraditionalShow MoreRelatedHuman Genetics And Molecular Mechanisms1657 Words   |  7 Pagesmy interest in biological sciences. To learn more about human genetics and molecular mechanisms involved in the various genetic disorders, I decided to pursue a comprehensive undergraduate course at Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, (Raipur, India). My undergraduate studies gave me an opportunity to learn a wide variety of concepts in human genetics along with chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology. 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Reflection Paper About Literacy - 1154 Words

The preschool I went to hosted a play called The Little Red Hen. Somehow, the teachers casted me as the Little Red Hen, and I vividly remember sitting at the kitchen table with my grandmother going over my lines. Being only five at the time, receiving the lead role was a huge achievement, and even though it seemed like such an important part of my life, I only remember one segment of a line: â€Å"...cut the wheat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although preschool built the foundation of my road to literacy, to reach the reader and writer I am today I had to work hard throughout my academic career, mainly in elementary, middle, and high school. After preschool, elementary school seemed like a six year old’s paradise, but that dream quickly crumbled as I learned that†¦show more content†¦Each grade level would compete in reading the most pages. Each person, after reading a book, would fill out a slip of paper saying what they read and how many pages it was. 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Pornification in fashion Essay Example For Students

Pornification in fashion Essay Chapter 1: Introduction Undertaking Background â€Å"Sex, drugs and stone ’n roll† is the phrase that has mesmerized many people for the past decennaries. This phrase has been morphed and reconstructed in modern times as Sexual activity, nakedness and manner ( Dykes, 2012 ) . It’s ever been known that Fashion and nakedness goes hand-in-hand in the Fashion industry. This is apparent in manner shows, magazines, films, music pictures and advertizements. The arrant deficiency of vesture in the publicity of manner in advertizement in modern times is overpowering. Pornification as stated by Oxford lexicon is â€Å"The increasing happening and credence of sexual subjects and expressed imagination in popular or mainstream, civilization ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† It is going more and more apparent that manner pornification is accepted in society. Explicit manner imagination is seeable in different media signifiers such as telecasting, series, magazines and even in media conversations. 1.1.1The Beginning of Pornification The male parent of pornified manner picture taking was Helmut Newton. â€Å"Probably the most imitated ( and controversial ) manner lensman of his clip ( Unknown, Voguepedia, 1989 ) † . Newton was a sensational lensman for Vogue magazine that embraced the sensualness of the female organic structure and the fact that adult females are taking back their organic structures. His manner of picture taking earned him the moniker â€Å"King of Kink† . His method portraying adult females in the manner they wanted to and non how they are told to make it. Power dressing is a dominant beginning of inspiration, seen in his work seen in figure 1. Figure 1. Newton, H. 1975. Le Smoking.Yves Saint Laurent. Vogue Magazine French. Website: AnOther hypertext transfer protocol: //www.anothermag.com/current/view/1869/Helmut_Newtons_Le_Smokin g Guy Bourdin followed in the footfalls of Helmut Newton in the pornification of manner advertizements. â€Å"Guy Bourdin’s shoots for Vogue between 1955 and 1987 were complete game-changers for the universe of manner picture taking. Prior to his reaching on the circuit, magazines were saturated with imagination that marginalized adult females and associated them preponderantly with home-making and their womb-to-tomb pursuit to happen a adult male. Bourdin’s imagination brought a richer narration to the manner universe, taking vesture and turning it into costumes within surrealist set-pieces, efficaciously doing apparels about escape and standing apart from the crowd, non merely suiting in ( Cartwright, J. 2011 ) .† Puting the gait for the drastic alteration of how pornification was perceived. One of his celebrated shootings was of Madonna in sexual state of affairss to advance her music picture and record releases. His pornification method was utilizing sexual ins inuations in different scenarios. An illustration of his work can be seen on figure 2. Figure 2. Bourdin, G. ( n.d. ) .Models eating Choucroute.Choucrouter. Website: FurInsider hypertext transfer protocol: //www.furinsider.com/guy-bourdin-french-fashion-photographer/ The line between manner picture taking and erotica started to vaporize when well-known amusement personalities started hiting with lensmans like of Terry Richardson. Richardson made pornification of adult females in magazine a tendency A craze. The usage of famous persons has led many adult females who are exposed to his work to want what media and magazines portrayed. This type of use has led to the credence of the complete sexualisation of manner advertizement. â€Å"There are several reiterating subjects in Richardson s work, notably that of seting high-profile famous persons in everyday state of affairss and snaping them utilizing traditionally prosaic methods, such as the usage of an instant camera. His work besides explores thoughts of gender, with many of the pieces featured in his booksKiboshandTerryworldpicturing full-frontal nakedness and both fake and existent sexual Acts of the Apostless ( Holson, 2012 ) .† Figure 3. Richardson, T. 2007.Sisley Palm Springs. Sisley. Website: Iconolo.gy hypertext transfer protocol: //iconolo.gy/archive/sisley-palm-spring-terry-richardson/531 Unfortunately many of Richardson exposure that were intended for the manner market are available on porn web site and shops which enforces the statement that his work are associated pornography more than manner. It is clear that he has pornified manner shoots to such an extent that some of his work have to be banned from any manner magazine and some have already been. Some of these exposures have been labelled as exposure that promote colza or force towards women- Seen in Figure 3. This portraiture shows one of the negative facets that associated with the pornification of manner advertizements and the impacts that it can hold on society. â€Å"More consciousness demands to be brought to visible radiation that Terry Richardson is negatively influencing media with his supposed feat A ; maltreatment of certain theoretical accounts, mainstream degrading adult imagination, and inappropriate and unprofessional behavior. His part to society has a bad impact as he is being exposed to the m ultitudes with the feeling of being good received while there are potentially unethical patterns non being shown ( Louise, A. Unknown ) .† The Glass Menagerie Persuasive EssayThe research is limited to merely concentrating on immature professional adult females that fall in the age group on 18 to 35. These adult females attitude toward manner is that it is an of import portion of who they are and are manner scruples. The sizes of these adult females play a large function in the research because it changes the position of the adult females on manner advertizement – the size is limited to the mean adult females which is size 32 and bigger. This is decided based on the fact that different size adult females perceive manner advertizements in different ways. 1.6.Design Scope, restrictions and restraints Design a scope that consists of garment pieces that is usually associated with pornified manner advertizements but in a manner that it can be seen as authorization and so make a manner shoot that illustrates the statement even more. The scope is aimed to act upon adult females to experience sceptered and non objectified. 1.6.1. Design Brief: Get downing out in the corporate universe can be nerve razing and nerve-racking but with the right tools success is merely one frock away- Fashion is about making yourself and giving person the ability to take the hazards that’s needed to success. This scope is specified to assist immature female professionals in happening the right garments that are professional, appealing, and mature but age appropriate. 1.6.2.Design Outcomes, Timeline and deliverables: With this undertaking the research worker will implement that the overly sexualisation of manner ( in design and advertizement ) can be avoided and still portray the immature adult females as sceptered and attractive. The primary inspiration is excessively sexualized manner advertizements and the facets that make an empowering manner advert an over-sexualized advert- Concentrating on the exposed countries and the utmost nakedness as the elaborate countries of the designs. Practical constituents that will lend to the concluding result are five over-sexualized images that are used in both international and local manner magazines these images range from garment advertizements to manner columns. The timeline for this concluding undertaking runs over a clip period of 12 hebdomads. 4 hebdomads are aimed at working on the design facets of the brief and so the other 8 hebdomads for the practical application of the building of garments. 1.7.Definition of footings Adolescents:â€Å" ( Of a immature individual ) in the procedure of developing from a kid into an grownup ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† Controversy:â€Å"Prolonged public dissension or heated treatment ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† Durable:â€Å"Able to defy wear, force per unit area, or harm ; hard-wearing ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† Fetishisation:â€Å" Make ( something ) the object of a sexual fetish ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† Authorization:â€Å"To invest with power, and giving assurance ( CollinEnglishDictionary, 2013 ) .† Objectified:â€Å"Degrade to the position of a mere object ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† In the research paper objectification refers to the objectification of adult females through manner advertizements in manner magazines. Palpable:â€Å"Plain to see or grok ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† Pornification:â€Å"The sensed permeation of society in general or an facet of it by the imagination, linguistic communication, and attitudes associated with erotica ( CollinEnglishDictionary, 2013 ) .† In the research paper this refers to the manner in which a state of affairs is change to be sexual by adding over sexualised elements. Power-dressing:â€Å" ( Clothing A ; Fashion ) A manner of dressing in badly trim suits, adopted by some adult females executives to project an image of efficiency ( CollinEnglishDictionary, 2013 ) .† Quantitative: â€Å"Relating to measurement by the measure of something instead than its quality ( Oxford University Press, 2014 ) .† In the research papers this is the step used for the informations aggregation. Satin:â€Å"A smooth fabric, as of silk or rayon, woven with a calendered face and a dull dorsum ( OxfordDictionary, 2009 ) .† Sexualisation:â€Å"To make sexual in character or quality ( CollinEnglishDictionary, 2009 ) .† Silk:â€Å"A all right bright fiber composed chiefly of fibroin and produced by certain insect larvae to organize cocoons, particularly the strong, elastic, hempen secernment of silkworms used to do yarn and cloth ( OxfordDictionary, 2009 ) .† Young professionals:For the intent of this research paper immature professionals refers to working adult females ages 21 to 35.

Relevance of Skills in Services

Introduction In the contemporary business environment, it is vital for people to possess skills that would enable them perform their activities efficiently. Academic knowledge may help in gaining some of these skills. However, some skills are outside the realm of academia (Rao, Tang Wang, 2002, p. 15).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Skills in Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When organisations are conducting interviews for prospective employees, they usually determine whether the candidates possess skills that would enable them perform their work efficiently. Technical jobs require people to possess various professional skills to perform their work effectively (Rao, Tang Wang, 2002, p. 16). The service industry requires people to possess a different set of skills to work effectively. However, certain skills are necessary for people to perform their work in different industries. Determinin g the set of skills that are necessary in performing various services is a complex undertaking. Most managers make several assumptions when determining the skills that their employees should possess (Gruqulis, Warhurst Keep, 2004, p. 1). Social skills enable service workers to provide their services efficiently. Social skills involve emotional labour. Service workers have to make various complex decisions that determine the efficiency of their services. Making the wrong decisions may reduce the efficiency of their services. Therefore, skills have meaning in services. Relevance of Skills in the Service Industry Service work refers to work that involves continuous interaction with clients. Therefore, service work has a tangible and intangible element (Jones Taylor, 2007, p. 40). Information processing is one of the major tangible elements of service work (Jones Taylor, 2007, p. 39). On the other hand, the interaction with clients is one of the major intangible elements of service w ork (Mithas Whitaker, 2007 p. 238). Service based organisations usually compete using both the tangible and intangible element. Managers and policy makers usually use a certain set of skills to determine people who should fill various vacant positions. Determining the right set of skills that an individual should possess is a complex undertaking (Mithas Whitaker, 2007 p. 239). Job complexity and task discretion are the major factors that determine the set of skills that employees of service-based organisations should possess.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Job Complexity The tangible elements of a job determine its complexity. Customisation is one of the major aspects of service work. It helps in improving the quality of service that organisations offer their clients Organisations usually engage in mass customisation of data. Mass customisation may increase the complexity of the work. Usually, employees in service-based organisations concentrate on assimilating the information. In so doing, they overlook the complex task of analysing the information. Analysing the information may provide insights that may help the service workers to improve their efficiency (Gruqulis Lloyd, 2010, p. 94). The intangible elements of a service-based work also determine the job complexity. The intangible elements refer to the emotional or aesthetic aspect of the job of service workers. Social skills are vital in improving the efficiency of work. However, various scholars argue that social skills are not real skills (Korczynski, 2005, p. 3). This is because social skills are simply personality traits of the individuals who perform the duties. Therefore, it is would be wrong to refer to them as ‘skills.’ These scholars argue that real skills are technical (Korczynski, 2005, p. 4). However, it is a fact that social skills are vital in performing various dutie s in service-based organisations. Social skills involve emotional labour. Emotional labour is a skilled form of labour (Korczynski, 2005, p. 5). This is because it requires employees to use various complex social skills. Most organisations value technical skills than social skills (Korczynski, 2005, p. 5). Employees who possess higher technical skills usually receive better remuneration packages (Korczynski, 2005, p. 5). On the other hand, most organisations offer lower wages to employees who use their social skills to perform their duties. It is a fact that emotional labour is skilled labour (Korczynski, 2005, p. 4). Service workers usually make various complex decisions that determine the efficiency of their activities. The service workers may use the body language and or tone of the customer to determine the most efficient emotional response (Balnave et al., 2007, p. 321). One of the major characteristics of service work is that women dominate it (Balnave et al., 2007, p. 322). M ost organisations have the perception that women are better suited to perform these duties due to the emotional labour that it requires. Therefore, labelling the complex social skills of service workers as inborn attributes of the women instead of skills may be gender discrimination (Bolton, 2004, p. 29).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance of Skills in Services specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People who perform skilled emotional labour usually receive less pay than their colleagues who perform various technical duties (Balnave et al., 2007, p. 321). Emotional labour usually attracts higher wages when it is necessary in performing various technical duties (Lindsay McQuaid, 2004, p. 310). Therefore, it is vital for organisations to appreciate the importance of service workers by offering them better pay. Task Discretion Task discretion determines the skills that service workers should employ. Bureaucratis ation, cost-minimisation, and customer-orientation are some of the major factors that determine the structure of service-based organisations (Korczynski, 2005, p. 6). These factors enable the organisations to appeal to their customers using both price and quality of their services. Organisations may have several rigid procedures that service workers should follow while performing their duties. This reduces the task discretion of these workers. One of the major benefits of this method is that it makes it easier for the organisation to supervise the employees (Korczynski, 2005, p. 6). However, increased bureaucracy reduces the quality of services that the organisation offers its customers (Korczynski, 2005, p. 7). On the other hand, organisations may allow service workers to alter various procedures. Empowering employees usually leads to a significant improvement in the quality of services that the organisation offers. Most contemporary organisations use this model (Korczynski, 2005, p. 7). These organisations increase the task discretion of service workers. This enables service workers to choose and apply the right emotional response, which the management would approve (Korczynski, 2005, p. 8). Increased task discretion necessitates the management to recruit employees who possess skills that would enable them perform their duties effectively. The attitude of the employees determines the decisions that they would make when they face various situations (Varca, 2004, p. 457). One of the major developments in contemporary business practices is the managerial control of the emotional displays of service workers. The emotional displays help in improving the competitiveness of the organisations (Kim, 2007, p. 152). Managerial control of emotional displays usually reduces the task discretion of the employees. This has a negative effect on the intangible aspect of the work of the service workers. Conclusion Skills that are necessary in the service sector have various im plications on the practices of organisations. They determine how organisations recruit their employees. Organisations require their employees to be emotionally intelligent.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the skills determine the training that the organisation should offer its employees (Lloyd Payne, 2009, p. 619). Most organisations in the hospitality industry strive to control the emotional displays of their employees. The importance of service workers necessitates organisations to offer them good wages. References Balnave, N, Brown, J, Maconachie, G Stone, R 2007, Employment relations in Australia, Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Bolton, S 2004, ‘Conceptual confusions: Emotion work as skilled work’, in C Warhurst (ed.), The skills that matter, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 19-37. Gruqulis, I, Warhurst, C Keep, E 2004, What’s happening to ‘skill’, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Gruqulis, I Lloyd, C 2010, Skill and the labour process: The conditions and consequences of change, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Jones, T Taylor, SF 2007, ‘The conceptual domain of service loyalty: How many dimensions?’, Journal of S ervices Marketing, vol. 21 no. 1, pp. 36-51. Kim, HJ 2007, ‘Hotel service providers’ emotional labour: The antecedents and effects on burnout’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 151-161. Korczynski, M 2005, ‘Skills in service work: An overview’, Human Resource Management Journal, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 3-14. Lindsay, C McQuaid, RW 2004, ‘Avoiding the â€Å"McJobs†: Unemployed job seekers and attitudes to service work’, Work, Employment and Society, vol. 18 no. 2, pp. 297-319. Lloyd, C Payne, J 2009, ‘Full of sound and fury, signifying nothing’, Work, Employment Society, vol. 23 no. 4, pp. 617-634. Mithas, S Whitaker, J 2007, ‘Is the world flat or spiky? Information intensity, skills, and global service disaggregation’, Information Systems Research, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 237-259. Rao, S, Tang, J Wang, W 2002, ‘The importance of skills for innovation and productivityâ⠂¬â„¢, International Productivity Monitor, vol. 4 no. 1, pp. 15-26. Varca, PE 2004, ‘Service skills for service workers: Emotional intelligence and beyond’, Managing Quality Service, vol. 14 no. 6, pp. 457-467. This essay on Relevance of Skills in Services was written and submitted by user Harvey Cole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology The Bowen reaction series is a description of how magmas minerals change  as they cool. The petrologist Norman Bowen (1887-1956) carried out decades of melting experiments in the early 1900s in support of his theory of granite. He found that as a basaltic melt slowly cooled, minerals formed crystals in a definite order. Bowen worked out two sets of these, which he named the discontinuous and continuous series in his 1922 paper The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis. The Bowen's Reaction Series The discontinuous series starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. What makes this a reaction series rather than an ordinary series is that each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the melt cools. As Bowen put it, The disappearance of minerals in the order in which they appear ... is of the very essence of the reaction series. Olivine forms crystals, then it reacts with the rest of the magma as pyroxene forms at its expense. At a certain point, all the olivine is resorbed, and only pyroxene exists. Then pyroxene reacts with the liquid as amphibole crystals replace it, and then biotite replaces amphibole. The continuous series is plagioclase feldspar. At high temperatures, the high-calcium variety anorthite forms. Then as temperatures fall it is replaced by more sodium-rich varieties: bytownite, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, and albite. As the temperature continues to fall, these two series merge, and more minerals crystallize in this order: Alkali feldspar, muscovite, and quartz. A minor reaction series involves the spinel group of minerals: chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanite. Bowen placed them between the two main series. Other Portions of the Series The complete series is not found in nature, but many igneous rocks display portions of the series. The main limitations are the state of the liquid, the speed of cooling and the tendency of mineral crystals to settle under gravity: If the liquid runs out of an element needed for a particular mineral, the series with that mineral gets interrupted.If the magma cools faster than the reaction can proceed, early minerals can persist in partly resorbed form. That changes the evolution of the magma.If crystals can rise or sink, they stop reacting with the liquid and pile up somewhere else. All of these factors affect the course of a magmas evolution- its differentiation. Bowen was confident that he could start with basalt magma, the most common type, and build any magma from the right combination of the three. But mechanisms that he discounted- magma mixing, assimilation of country rock and remelting of crustal rocks- not to mention the whole system of plate tectonics he did not foresee, are much more important than he thought. Today we know that not even the largest bodies of basaltic magma sit still long enough differentiate all the way to granite.

Fried Green Tomatoes essays

Fried Green Tomatoes essays For this paper I have chosen to review the film Fried Green Tomatoes. It is a tale of a small old town, its more popular residents, and a murder mystery told in retrospect by the main character Idggy. I was able to identify several social structures within the small town during the movies flashbacks as well as its modern day narrative setting. There were no government officials present, but a sheriff kept order amongst citizens. That same sheriff, however, partied with the same people that he enforced the law upon. It was the typical small town environment where everyone knew each other and was generally friendly towards one another. There was also a bad guy who became important when it was found out that he was abusing his wife and trying to control her and her child. There were also blacks in town that were not treated as fairly as the white people. I saw these structures affect the characters at different times throughout the movie. The black/white issue was present throughout, as we saw them being butlers, doing whites chores, as well as other labor oriented tasks. The bad guy was confronted by nice town folk when it was found out that he abused his wife. As far as t he sheriff, his role came into play when he had to arrest Idggy for the murder of the abusive man. The only time the structures were changed was when a black man, Big George, was accused of the murder. If Idggy hadnt gone on trial, George wouldve had to go on trial. He surely would have been hung, but Iddgy cared for him and took responsibility knowing that she could win and spare his life too. Norms that were portrayed are similar to the situations above. They are also similar to todays small towns in some respects, such as being friendly and knowing everyone. There are some big differences with other norms from todays society though. The race issue is th ...

High Carbohydrated food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

High Carbohydrated food - Essay Example Hence, the main danger is the excessive intake of wrong high-carbohydrate intakes resulting in increase in weight. Carbohydrates may be beneficial if they include a healthy balance of different fats. A single dietary intake may, on one hand, result in excessive fats of one kind and on the other hand, lack of other healthier fats, proteins and fibers. High Carbohydrate diet contains more of vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron etc. and low of Vitamin B12, Zinc and Sodium (FitDay). The carbohydrates low on Glycemic index provides a control on blood sugar level after having the meals. The unawareness of high Carb/high Glycemic index diet boosts the sugar level to extremes which later on results in fatigues and distress due to energy crashes. French baguette has a Glycemic index of 95 and Peanuts has an index of 14. Hence, Peanuts are less likely to affect sugar level, whereas, French Baguettes are more likely to boost sugar level and provide an unnaturally high energy to the human body. Diabetic, cardiac and other patients must be aware of their intake needs. High-carb/low glycemic index helps preventing high blood sugar levels and balanced weight and energy of human body (Greenberg, 2011). FitDay. "Low vs. High Carbohydrate Diet: Which is Better? / Nutrition / Carbs."  FitDay - Free Weight Loss and Diet Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26  Sept.  2013. . Greenberg, Riva. "The High Carb Diet That Keeps You Healthy, Fit and Trim."  The Huffington Post. HPMG News, 21  Mar.  2011. Web. 26  Sept.  2013.

Developments in Organizational Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Developments in Organizational Politics - Essay Example Defined as a â€Å"controversial concept† by Vigoda- Gadot (2003), organizational politics is a common occurrence the degree of which differs from organization to organization. Self-interest is the main cause of organizational politics and it has been aptly described as â€Å"the pursuit of self interest at work in face of every sort of opposition real or imagined† (Kreitner2008). A more detailed explanation of organizational politics is given by Jennifer (2009) who has described it as activities the managers indulge in to strengthen their position in the firm. Elaborating further Jennifer (2009) said that it is a means through which managers gain power and thereby use it to their advantage such as pursuing goals suited to the individual or the department. Organizational politics originates from a number of sources and operates at individual, collective and organizational level (Yammarino 2002). However it has been observed that an individual could certainly benefit fro m organizational politics (Porter, Angle &Allen 2003). Generally the organizational politics is seen in a negative light and is described as the process which does not conform to the normal role behavior of the organization and is the means through which people acquire and use power to meet their personal goals (McKenna 2000). This statement was confirmed by a majority of employees who stated that organizational politics was harmful for the organization. ... Those managers who obtain a greater share of resources are considered powerful and influential and that’s why managers use dishonest methods such as inflating the budget to gain a favorable share. It has been seen that conflicts occur during annual budget allocation and these conflicts cause political activity in organizations (Daft 2009). Jennifer (2009) believes that as growth in an organization becomes limited especially for managers who already occupy senior positions organizational politics become common to gain power and influence by several methods including impressing the kingpins (Jennifer2009). Organizational politics also occurs because of the presence of uncertainty and lack of clarity in an organization. Organizational politics comes into play when company adopts ambiguous goals. These ambiguous goals provide a perfect opportunity to managers especially those at the top to pursue personal goals in disguise of organization goals. Moreover, political activity become s more prominent when non-programmed decisions need to be taken for instance two managers competing for the same post can be manipulative. Badham& Buchanan (2008) have labeled personal ambition and competition between the various departments as other sources of organizational politics. Another important origin identified by Badham& Buchanan (2008) is â€Å"change†. According to them when change occurs in an organization, it tends to disturb the comfort zone of the employees so to preserve their interests, they engage in organizational politics. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory gives another view to the organizational politics. According to this theory the expectations of an employee significantly influence his perceptions,

A voice, a mystery Essay Example for Free

A voice, a mystery Essay William Wordsworths To the Cuckoo and John Keats Ode to a nightingale are comparable in many different aspects. The two poems have striking similarities and appear akin to one another. Both poems are likely to be written in related styles; both Wordsworth and Keats wrote in the same era, and were both Romantic Poets. They are also both poets of similar stature and regarded to be of similar ability. They both talk of similar a subject matter, a bird that is personally special. There are parallels to be drawn, but there are also many ways in which the poems contrast. It becomes clear that both poets perceive and respond to their subjects rather differently, and that the poems differ in meaning, direction and quality. The nucleus of both poems is a bird, Keats writes of a nightingale and Wordsworth of a Cuckoo. Birds are very modest and insignificant creatures, yet both poets have used them to extensively express emotion. To these poets their respective birds are extraordinary and important. Neither poet refers to one particular creature, but they both use the species of bird representatively. It is not their fondness for the bird as if it were a pet, a domestic animal, but their fondness of the free animal species that inspires them. It is important to acknowledge that although both poets, especially Wordsworth enjoy using lavish description, neither describes the physical appearance of the bird. They are both using the birds as metaphors, as symbols. Wordsworth makes the bird an invisible thing/ a voice, a mystery He does not see the bird, he can only hear it. This is to enhance the metaphorical strength of the bird. Keats similarly does not feel the need to describe the nightingale. Whereas Wordsworth does this to make his image more mystical and ambiguous, to Keats it does not matter what it looks like, it is the nightingales spirit he writes about. He talks primarily about its manner and its ways. Wordsworth also makes the cuckoo seem more divine and more powerful by using Voice and Cry with capital letters. This makes the sound of the cuckoo personify the bird and what it represents. The cuckoo is not regarded as beautiful physically, so he chooses to show it and even call it by its voice, O Cuckoo! shall I call thee bird, Or but a wondering Voice. Keats also points out the nightingales singing capacity, creating audible and not only visual imagery, Singest of summer in full-throated ease. The way the two poets perceive and react to their subjects is where the two poets vary greatly. It is relevant that in Tintern Abbey, Wordsworth says the following: Of eye and ear, both what they half create, And what perceive Both poets do follow this idea. They use imagination to expand on what they see and do so in different directions. The fact that Wordsworth does not see the Cuckoo means he can invent and expand greatly. Both poets are clearly partial to the birds, but show different attitudes towards them. Wordsworth longs for the bird, he needs the bird and is fond of it. Keats insists he is not jealous, Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thy happiness However, he certainly shows contempt towards the bird and expresses an unhappy longing which borders on envy. In essence, the bird is part of Wordsworth. It is part of his past. He is yearning for his past so he longs for the cuckoo. The cuckoo is the symbol for his past. It is something he has left, something that has not changed. The same whom in my schoolboy days, I listend to

Essay on Imagery in King Lear -- King Lear essays

Imagery in King Lear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the immense amount of writing that William Shakespeare had done in his career as a playwright and or writer in general there are bound to be some consistencies and reoccurring themes that make his writing so popular and interesting.   In many cases it is hard to tell whether the thematic structure that many writers follow is intentional or not, but it is possible that there is a reasoning for a specific kind of imagery that a writer likes to outline his/her writing after.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are dominating images which are characteristic of Shakespeare's work throughout, however in some of the earlier plays they are very obvious and in many cases intentional.   Imagery, as defined by the Sixth Edition Handbook to Literature, is in its literal sense "a collection of images in a literary work that may be an object, phrase or entity."   The Handbook explains that imagery is often not intentional but seems to be a basis for a look at a deeper meaning of a certain piece of work.   It is important to be aware of certain recurrent images which are symbolic in Shakespeare such as the use of light and its components in Romeo and Juliet, disease and how it is used in King Lear and what I will be discussing in this paper the use of the heart as an entity and how it is used in the dramas written by William Shakespeare.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The heart image is seen literally over a thousand times in the works of Shakespeare with a frequency of almost thirty per play and mostly in the tragedies.   With so many references of the heart used in the tragedies and the typical time frame used to perform each play, which was about two hours, the audience might hear twelve to fifteen heart images an hour and... ...est of the play.   King Lear is a man who is portrayed as a very compassionate man who lives on the fact that his trust in his daughters will never be abandoned.   The betrayal by his loved ones sets up the impact of the play which in turn shows how dramatic the use of the heart and all of its imagery components is for King Lear.   At the end of the play when Lear loses his last daughter Shakespeare leads us to understand that he had lead a life of war and turmoil and has transformed himself from being a bitter, crusty, old man into becoming a caring and complete human being.   Some critics say that Lear might have died from a heart attack from all the stress he had to endure in such a short amount of time.   I think he died from a broken heart from the loss of his daughters, his sanity, and the peaceful life he so desired during his retirement from the throne.      

Bill Gates: Leader and Role Model Essay

Bill Gates is an effective leader and leadership role model and he is my choice for a role a model. Bill Gates has demonstrated and employed good leadership skills to be a successful business man. He has also demonstrated why he is a good role model for those who want to become leaders themselves. I believe that I share many of the leadership traits with Bill Gates and that those traits will help me in my plan for success. The reasons I chose Bill Gates as my leadership role model are as follows: he is one of the founders of Microsoft and has shown good leadership with the decisions he has made running the company and is also in the same field as my career of study which is programming. Bill Gates has many qualities of a leader, but most notably is the fact that he drove his employees hard and himself harder (Boyd, 1995). Throughout the years Bill Gates has shown his leadership capabilities through his dedication and hard work by the ever growing success of Microsoft. Another example of his leadership ability was when he released Windows 3.0 and won the battle for the first GUI operating system, he did this by keeping his hand involved in all the major, potential competitors to his pet project while also continuing development of his own product (Boyd, 1995). A few of the characteristics of an effective leader are knowing the industry in which you plan to work, building your team so that you have sufficient help to accomplish what you set out to do, and most importantly develop a vision and solid goal so the people that work for you know what they are working towards (Hill, 2009). Bill Gates has these traits as well as many more such as being motivated, being intelligent, and being hard working. In his earliest days developing DOS he would joke about what he called his seven-hour turnaround: leave the office late at night, go home, eat, sleep, and be back in the office only seven hours later, and he was proud of it (Boyd, 1995) this just goes to show how hard working he was. My own personal strengths that I have noticed are math, reading, technology (Cook, Week 2 CSI Summary, 2011), and being logical when it comes to problem solving (Cook, Personal Profile(Week 2 Journal Entry), 2011) which I believe I share with Bill Gates. The reasons I believe that these personal strengths will help me to succeed are that it will make it easier to solve work related problems because of my logical thinking process (Cook, Personal Profile(Week 2 Journal Entry), 2011). Also these strengths are an ideal match for the career path that I have chosen with is computer programming. In the field of programming you need to be efficient in all of these areas in order to succeed. Critical thinking is going to play a big part in my plan for success; it will help me to improve upon myself and to make better decisions, not only in my personal life but in my career as well. It will help me to not only know what company I should work for, but also provide me with the best way to tackle particular projects at work. Leadership skills will also play a big part in my plan for success by making it easier to accomplish my goals and giving me more options for my career. By having leadership skills I won’t be limited to just being a programmer I could in fact be a lead programmer heading up and directing an entire team. Accountability will help me to increase my chances of completing my goals of having a higher paying job that I love, like leadership skills will, but in a different way. It will make me more responsible because I am taking accountability for my actions whether it is positive or negative results. So by employing motivation, intellect, and hard work along with other leadership qualities Bill Gates has made Microsoft the company that it is today. So, with a little determination, hard work, and know how anyone can be like Bill Gates and create a thriving company. So in conclusion we should all strive to be like Bill Gates and be just as motivated and hard working in everything we do. References Boyd, A. (1995). Smart money: the story of bill Gates. In A. Boyd, Smart money: the story of bill gates. (pp. 9-26). Greensboro: Morgan Reynolds Inc. Cook, W. (2011). Personal profile(week 2 journal entry). Rockford. Cook, W. (2011). Week 2 csi summary. Rockford. Hill, C. (2009, April). Daily news. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from NYDailyNews.com: http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-04-04/news/17928884_1_leader-understands-achievable Serrano, G. (2009, April). The gates’ leadership. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from Trends Updates: http://trendsupdates.com/the-gates%E2%80%99-leadership/

Cowboys and Indians †Clara Madsen Essay

1) Resume The story â€Å"Cowboys and Indians† is about a girl, who is at her grandmothers funeral. She doesn’t feel very comfortable, so she calls her cousin David to come and rescue her. He is a real rebellion and he picks her up on his motorcycle. Their first stop is at a bar where they drink a couple of shots and a beer. Then they drive of again. At the second stop they smoke a joint and talk about their grandmother, and how David feels stuck in his life. Then they gets hungry and decides to eat at a little takeout stand. There are sitting two old women. They tell that the wind brings devil spirits and they think that David and the narrator brought it with them. Then they drive home, and says their goodbye outside the house. David doesn’t want to deal with the family. 2) Characterize The Narrator is a girl with two personalities. She have learned to behave so she can fit in the society, but she is an outlaw. Almost like David. She hasn’t found her right identity yet, so she is living a kind of double life? Already in the beginning she knows that she is old enough to help ind the house and talk to people, but she just want to escape. â€Å"Our grandfather, the patriarch of the family, despised us both†. (l. 57) The grandfather also thinks that she is different even though she tries to hide it. The narrator is also an little naive, because she believes in almost everything David tells her. She wants to be tough and cool, when she is around him but she is often a little insecure.

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance The rhetorical stance is the role or behavior of a speaker or writer in relation to their subject, audience, and persona (or voice). The term rhetorical stance was coined in 1963 by American rhetorician Wayne C. Booth. Its sometimes also referred to as footing. Examples and Observations The common ingredient that I find in all of the writing I admireexcluding, for now, novels, plays and poemsis something that I shall reluctantly call the rhetorical stance, a stance which depends on discovering and maintaining in any writing situation a proper balance among the three elements that are at work in any communicative effort: the available arguments about the subject itself, the interests and peculiarities of the audience, and the voice, the implied character, of the speaker. I should like to suggest that it is this balance, this rhetorical stance, difficult as it is to describe, that is our main goal as teachers of rhetoric.(Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetorical Stance. College Composition and Communication, October 1963)Rhetorical Stance in Speaking and WritingClosely related to tone is the concept of rhetorical stance, which is a fancy term for a simple idea.Most language transactions are face-to-face: we can see the people we are talking to. In these situations, we all make subtle shifts in our way of talking, depending on the audience, and it is these shiftssome of which are not so subtlethat make up our rhetorical stance in spoken discourse. . . .In short, when you talk, you adjust your rhetorical stance continually, using different techniques for different people in various situations.In writing, the tone is a part of rhetorical stance: seriousness, irony, humor, outrage, and so on. So is purpose: you can explain, explore, or demonstrate; you can attempt to persuade someone to take any action or make a decision. And, of course, you can try to rouse emotions with a poem or to amuse people with a fictional tale.(W. Ross Winterowd, The Contemporary Writer. Harcourt, 1981) Adapting to an Audience[R]hetorical stance is pure Aristotle. The stance is all about adjusting tone and purpose to different audiences. Here the student chooses a stand on a given topic with a keen eye on the audience. The purpose is not to manipulate in the Sophist sense but to better garner arguments, evidence that will convince. Rhetorical stance also invites being an insider in order to get into the mind of that audience.(Joyce Armstrong Carroll and Edward E. Wilson, Four by Four: Practical Methods for Writing Persuasively. ABC-CLIO, 2012)Your Rhetorical StanceWhere do you stand on that? is a question often asked of political figures and other authorities. But writers must ask the question of themselves as well. Understanding where you stand on your topicyour rhetorical stancehas several advantages. It will help you examine where your opinions come from and thus help you address the topic fully; it will help you see how your stance might differ from the stances held by members o f your audience, and it will help you establish your credibility with your audience. This part of your rhetorical stanceyour ethos or credibilityhelps determine how well your message will be received. To be credible, you will need to do your homework on your subject, present your information fairly and honestly, and be respectful of your audience.(Andrea A. Lunsford, The St. Martins Handbook, 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2011)

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables One way to calculate the mean and variance of a probability distribution is to find the expected values of the random variables X and X2. We use the notation E(X) and E(X2) to denote these expected values. In general, it is difficult to calculate E(X) and E(X2) directly. To get around this difficulty, we use some more advanced mathematical theory and calculus. The end result is something that makes our calculations easier. The strategy for this problem is to define a new function, of a new variable t that is called the moment generating function. This function allows us to calculate moments by simply taking derivatives. Assumptions Before we define the moment generating function, we begin by setting the stage with notation and definitions. We let X be a discrete random variable. This random variable has the probability mass function f(x). The sample space that we are working with will be denoted by S. Rather than calculating the expected value of X, we want to calculate the expected value of an exponential function related to X. If there is a positive real number r such that E(etX) exists and is finite for all t in the interval [-r, r], then we can define the moment generating function of X. Definition The moment generating function is the expected value of the exponential function above. In other words, we say that the moment generating function of X is given by: M(t) E(etX) This expected value is the formula ÃŽ £ etx f (x), where the summation is taken over all x in the sample space S. This can be a finite or infinite sum, depending upon the sample space being used. Properties The moment generating function has many features that connect to other topics in probability and mathematical statistics. Some of its most important features include: The coefficient of etb is the probability that X b.Moment generating functions possess a uniqueness property. If the moment generating functions for two random variables match one another, then the probability mass functions must be the same. In other words, the random variables describe the same probability distribution.Moment generating functions can be used to calculate moments of X. Calculating Moments The last item in the list above explains the name of moment generating functions and also their usefulness. Some advanced mathematics says that under the conditions that we laid out, the derivative of any order of the function M (t) exists for when t 0. Furthermore, in this case, we can change the order of summation and differentiation with respect to t to obtain the following formulas (all summations are over the values of x in the sample space S): M’(t) ÃŽ £ xetx f (x)M’’(t) ÃŽ £ x2etx f (x)M’’’(t) ÃŽ £ x3etx f (x)M(n)’(t) ÃŽ £ xnetx f (x) If we set t 0 in the above formulas, then the etx term becomes e0 1. Thus we obtain formulas for the moments of the random variable X: M’(0) E(X)M’’(0) E(X2)M’’’(0) E(X3)M(n)(0) E(Xn) This means that if the moment generating function exists for a particular random variable, then we can find its mean and its variance in terms of derivatives of the moment generating function. The mean is M’(0), and the variance is M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2. Summary In summary, we had to wade into some pretty high-powered mathematics, so some things were glossed over. Although we must use calculus for the above, in the end, our mathematical work is typically easier than by calculating the moments directly from the definition.

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense - Essay Example As the discussion stressers after serving the punishment handed down by the juvenile justice system, the juvenile delinquent is released from custody or supervision. The interest in the effectiveness of the justice system in reforming the individual gave rise to a wealth of literature particularly in the subject of re-offense. This paper aims to determine and discuss the nature of troubled youth re-offense and evaluate the policies aimed in addressing them. In reading this paper, one will come to know that re-offense is more commonly referred to as recidivism and that several socio-demographic, legal and policy-related factors are involved in its dynamics. From this paper it is clear that reoffending is more commonly known as recidivism and is legally taken to refer to the act of an individual committing an offense after being released from a correctional facility. The interest in determining the tendency of an individual to commit a crime again has given rise to several studies concerning recidivism. Maltz conducted a literature review and was able to identify at least 14 working definitions with the most prominent being re-arrest, resentence and readjust/reconviction. An individual is re-arrested once he is taken into custody after being released from custody or supervision after a certain time. This measure is argued to be dubious due to the fact that the arrestee may have been arrested for a delinquent behaviour that he did not commit. In short, the mere act of being arrested is taken to be indicative of recidivism. A child or an adolescent is considered to have been resentenced once he is subjected to a period of custody or superv ision.  

Consumer Buying Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Buying Behavior - Assignment Example This involves a detailed study of how buyers think and behave during purchase situations, and what factors may influence their tastes and preference towards certain brands. Consumer buying behaviour is, therefore, the study of the ways of buying and disposing of goods, services, ideas or experiences by individuals, groups, and organizations in order to satisfy their needs and wants (Kotler & Hibbard, 2014). Alternatively, consumer buying behaviour â€Å"refers to the buying behaviour of final consumers, both individuals and households, who buy goods and services for personal consumption† (Hibbard, 2014,). This occurs when the consumer is immensely involved in the purchase process, and there are notable contrasts amongst the brands to acquire. This implies that the consumer has to conduct research about the product/service and the marketers must, therefore, supply all-inclusive information with regards to product/service characteristics. A medical example, in this case, is when a hospital wants to acquire medical equipment such as x-ray machines for the hospital. The hospital’s procurement officer (consumer) is highly involved because of th e significant financial involvement (high risk) in the acquisition, and the unfamiliarity with the commodity. There are many brands according to manufacturers (about 75 suppliers) and they are used for different purposes. This compounded with the fact that they have different price tags makes the consumer very sceptical. He must, therefore, conduct thorough research to eliminate brands that do not suit the hospital’s need requirements and fit his budget plan respectively. Here, consumer participation, while acquiring the product/service, is low, and there are noteworthy contrasts between the brands. The consumers attempt to find variations in products or services. Thus, the marketers must rally the market to buy their commodities through means such as promotions, publicity and advertising. A medical example, in this case, includes medical cosmetics for products like toothpaste.

Microeconomic Aspects of Music Event Realization in Radisson Blu Hotel Essay

Microeconomic Aspects of Music Event Realization in Radisson Blu Hotel of Dubai - Essay Example This essay presents a brief thorough microeconomic analysis of the ticket pricing policy for the music event, that was carried out by the management of Radisson Blu Hotel. One time experience in this hotel during July 2012 music extravaganza posed one of the most technical economic challenges to the management of the hotel and the prospective customers. The problem arose from the unprecedented demand for entry tickets. Dubai is a multicultural metro which hosts many people and musicians are one of the best entertainment sources that attract people from different walks of life. This means that the tickets which were released commensurate to the hall capacity were very few. It is important to note that the concept that was art play in this case was price elasticity. This was a luxurious event which in most cases is price inelastic and increasing ticket and drinks prices did not bring any significant change. This hotel employs a good number of the local people and therefore the benefits derived are reflected in their improved living standard. Such an economic policy like raising the price in such circumstances where the demand is high has economic benefit to the community through the hotel due to increased revenue. It is also important to note that there are some cases where the elasticity concept influences the general response of people when the cost of services or goods is altered. The scenario above did not yield better results as expected due to the price inelastic aspect of the service on offer. In some instances increasing prices will initiate increase in income due to price inelasticity especially in case of luxurious commodities and services. It is also imperative that other control measures are applied towards taming the excess demand rather than pricing policy option. It is important to note that high prices charged by the hotel must be reflected in marginal increase in costs. It is therefore imperative to note that if such actions are not well calculated with regard to economic consequences then outcome of the overall initiative can bring the firm down. Increasing the prices of the tickets that was done in this music extravaganza was used in expansionary production of various dishes as some of the products in this case and acquisition of additional furniture in the hotel. This has the effect of increasing the sitting capacity of the hotel with a multiplier effect which contributes to recruitment of more labor. This means that more members of the community are likely to get employed and extra uptake of input factors like foodstuff raw materials which will translate to increased income to the community. Such events attracts many people especially with consideration of the nature of Dubai and this means that raising the price of tickets is another way of simply boosting the revenue of the hotel due price inelasticity of the event. This high charge also means that the quality of the services and products offered must met some standard that equally has cost effects. The decision to increase

Psychology Adrian Monk Essay Example for Free

Psychology Adrian Monk Essay Adrian Monk, portrayed by actor Tony Shalhoub, is the main character in the USA Network series MONK. Monk is a former homicide detective for the San Francisco Police Department, suffering from an anxiety disorder known as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as numerous phobias. After Monk’s wife was murdered, his disorder worsened leading to his suspension from the police force. When the series opens, Monk works as a private police homicide consultant and undergoes therapy to overcome his anxiety disorder and phobias. He is assisted by a private nurse who helps him cope with his disability on the job. Part One—Case Study Character Background The episode â€Å"Happy Birthday Mr. Monk† shows that Monk, born October, 17, 1959, is a California man of Welsh ancestry. Monk is 50 years old, and was born in Marin County, CA. He stated, â€Å"His alma mater is the University of California, Berkley. † His parents were very strict and authoritarian. Monk’s father Jack Monk abandoned the family when Monk was eight years old. Jack said that he was going to get Chinese food, but he never came back. Ambrose Monk, Monk’s brother, is agoraphobic and afraid to go out in public. Monk’s mom died in 1994. Because of these childhood family events, Monk is already a very sensitive and fragile person. Mr. Monk dislikes unorganized, rude, dirty, and filthy people. He also dislikes murderers, people who commit evil acts, and criminals on the loose. That is the reason he became a homicide detective. Mr. Monk likes people who help others, such as his physician and Trudy. In addition, he likes organized, clean, and tidy people. Mr. Monk’s strength is that he is a very clever detective. Plus, he has an amazing photographic memory, which helps him catch criminals. His weakness is that he has many phobias, which affect his performance as a detective. Mr. Monk doesn’t have any friends because of the weird and odd behaviors caused by his OCD. His family consists of his assistants/nurses Sharona, and then Natalie. He also works with people in the homicide department, namely Captain Leland Stottlemeyer and Lieutenant Randy Disher. Stressors/Pathology Mr. Monk does not have any relationships with anyone, mainly because of his odd behaviors. He acts strangely in front people because of his OCD. In the episode â€Å"Mr. Monk Makes A New Friend† he annoys a new friend by calling him too much. Monk explains himself, stating, â€Å"I can’t not call him or hear his voice. † It is very annoying to call a friend every hour. That is one example of how Mr. Monk has difficulty with personal relationships. His wife, Trudy Monk, with whom he had a meaningful relationship, died in a car bomb. Before his wife’s death, Mr. Monk’s OCD symptoms had alleviated. After Trudy was murdered, the OCD symptoms intensified, and those around him could clearly see that he had issues, which affected his job performance and led to his isolation. When the series begins, Mr. Monk’s condition is somewhat stable, but his lives in an overly organized apartment. The battle Monk faces daily is how to make it through the day with his OCD. He tries to avoid everything that makes him uncomfortable or is viewed as a threat. Mr. Monk stresses over the fact that every room must be neat and tidy. Plus everything must be a multiple of 10; for example he buys a box of eggs, which contains 12 eggs and deliberately throws two eggs away. Mr. Monk doesn’t have any history of this disorder, but his brother was agoraphobic. Symptoms Other symptoms of OCD manifest themselves typically as ritual behavior such as repetitive hand washing. Mr. Monk needs to wash his hands every time he touches an object or shakes a hand. He becomes obsessed with shapes. For example, his toast has to be a perfect square. Numbers occupy his time. As mentioned above, everything must come in multiples of 10. He has the typical preoccupation with dirt and germs. For example, he can’t stay in an untidy or dirty room; he has to tidy it up. Mr. Monk is terrified of germs, milk, dust, and heights. So what Mr. Monk does all day is try to stay away from all of these fears. These symptoms never emerged in the series; rather, the viewer is led to believe that Mr. Monk had OCD since he was born. However, the viewer is also informed in conversations with the police sergeant and with Monk’s nurse and therapist that what triggered this disorder was the murder of his wife. Immediately after his wife died, his disorder worsened. Outcome of Case Monk’s treatment was to go to Dr. Charles Kroger for psychotherapy that would aid him to cope with his disorder. In the sessions, Mr. Monk talks about what he did during the day and the goals he accomplished. The treatment is not entirely effective, but it helps Mr. Monk relax and get all the stress out. In the long term, Mr. Monk cannot overcome his disorder because he cannot imagine that he can be cured. In addition, he is not a risk taker, meaning he could never do anything that would make him uncomfortable. Because of this, there is little hope that he will be able to completely overcome his disorder. This makes sense because his disorder is inherited, and not attributed to environmental causes. Part Two—Disease Diagnostic Criteria Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a pattern of recurring obsessions and compulsions that are severe enough to be time consuming and interfere with a person’s daily functioning. They must cause marked distress (such as pain or physical harm to the person) or significant impairment. Usually, they take more than one hour of a person’s time. It is important to specify whether or not the patient has poor insight, meaning that the person does not realize that the obsessions or compulsions are unreasonable or excessive. At some point, the person must realize that their obsessions and compulsions are not reasonable (i. e. , normal). â€Å"Obsessions are consistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or stress† (DSM IV-TR, 300. 3). Most common obsessions are about contamination with dirt or germs, repeated doubts, a need to have things in a particular order, horrible impulse, the need to shout obscene words, or sexual impulses. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors which people do to reduce the anxiety or distress of the obsessions. For example, repeated hand washing is a compulsion, which satisfies the obsession of repeated thoughts of contamination from dirt. For a complete list of Diagnostic Criteria from the DSM IV-TR, see Appendix A. Etiology (Causes) Nearly 1 to 2 percent of the population suffers from OCD. Most of those begin to be afflicted in early adulthood, and it is often preceded by a particularly stressful event such as pregnancy, childbirth, or family conflict. It may be closely associated with depression, with the disorder developing soon after a bout of depression or the depression developing as a  result of the disorder. Men and women are equally affected. A fairly high proportion (as much as 50 percent) do not marry (Baldridge 2001). Although Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood, it may begin in childhood. Modal age at onset is earlier in males than in females: between ages 6 and 15 years for males and between ages 20 and 29 years for females. For the most part, onset is gradual, but acute onset has been noted in some cases. The majority of individuals have a chronic waxing and waning course, with exacerbation of symptoms that may be related to stress. About 15% show progressive deterioration in occupational and social functioning. About 5% have an episodic course with minimal or no symptoms between episodes (DSM IV-TR, 300. 3) No cause for OCD has been isolated. Four theories exist which try to explain the basis of OCD psychologically: guilt, anxiety, and superstition. 1) The theory of guilt has its origins in Freudian psychoanalysis. Freud believed that patients with OCD developed repetitive rituals, such as hand washing, to replace obsessive thoughts about sex. The obsessive ritual, then, was seen as a way to replace the guilt of being overwhelmed by forbidden, sexual thoughts. 2) The anxiety hypothesis poses that OCD behaviors develop to reduce anxiety. Many thought or action patterns emerge as a way of escape from stress, such as daydreaming during an exam or cleaning one’s room rather than studying for a test. If the stress is long lasting, then a compulsive behavior may set in. 3) The superstition theory proposes a connection between a chance association and a reinforcer that induces a continuation of that behavior. In other words, a particular obsessive-compulsive ritual may be reinforced when a positive outcome follows the behavior; anxiety results when the ritual is interrupted. 4) A fourth theory is accepted by those who believe that mental disorders are the result of something physically or physiologically amiss in the sufferer, employing data from brain structure studies, genetics, and biochemistry. Brain chemistry has been found to be altered in those suffering from OCD, along with increased metabolic activity. In addition, relatives of OCD sufferers are twice as likely as unrelated individuals to develop the same disorder, indicating that the tendency for the behavior could be inheritable (Baldridge 2001). Treatments OCD is one of the most difficult disorders to treat. Treatments usually fall into four categories: psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, drug therapy, and psychosurgery. The goal of psychotherapy in treating OCD is to find and then remove an assumed repression so that the patient can deal honestly and openly with whatever is actually feared. It is hoped that in dealing with the fear, the compulsions that have developed to replace the fear will lessen. The most effective type of psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder is behavioral therapy. It can help by desensitizing the patient to the feared object or situation. For example, the therapist will aid the patient in replacing the symptoms of the obsession or compulsion with preventive or replacement actions, such as a non vocal, internal shout of â€Å"stop! † when obsessive thoughts enter the mind or the action of snapping a rubber band on the wrist. Behavioral therapy may also help by gradually lengthening the time between the stimulus and response. For example, a patient may hold dirt and then gradually lengthen the amount of time after which he or she will wash his or her hands. While behavioral treatment can help to control OCD, it does not â€Å"cure† the disorder. Drugs used to treat OCD include antidepressants, tricyclic, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), LDS, and tryptophan. Antidepressants help by reducing depression by correcting the serotonin abnormality in the brain, which may decrease the need for compulsive behavior. MAOIs may help OCD associated with panic attacks, phobias, and severe anxiety. With drug therapy, it should be noted that when the drugs are stopped, the patient often returns to the obsessive-compulsive behavior. Psychosurgery to reduce OCD is a last resort. The patient would undergo a lobotomy in which the frontal cortex would be separated from the lower brain area in an 8-centimeter square area. A combination of behavioral therapy, psychotherapy and drug therapy is recommended. General Research Behavioral treatments are new ways to deal with the disorder. For example, someone with an obsession about germs might be asked to practice handling dirt and then not washing his hands for increasing lengths of time. With repeated exposure to the anxiety-provoking object or situation without performing the compulsion, usually the anxiety lessens, and the compulsion weakens its hold. Obsessions can fall into one of five categories: 1. Obsessive doubts, which are persistent doubts that a task has been completed. 2. Obsessive thinking, which is an almost infinite chain of thought, targeting future events. Obsessive impulses, which are very strong urges to perform certain actions, whether they be trivial or serious, that would likely be harmful to the obsessive person or someone else and that are socially unacceptable. 4. Obsessive fears, which are thoughts that the person has lost control and will act in some way that will cause public embarrassment. 5. Obsessive images, which are continued visual pictures of either a real or an imagined event. (DSM IV-TR, 300. 3) Compulsions on the other hand are repeated, ritualized behaviors. For example, fearing one has forgotten to turn off an appliance, such as a stove, is a common obsession. It is likely to be accompanied by a compulsion to check repeatedly, perhaps hundreds of times each day, perhaps to see if the appliance has been turned off. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors, the goal of which is to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress, not to provide pleasure or gratification. In most cases, the person feels driven to perform the compulsion to reduce the distress that accompanies an obsession or to prevent some dreaded event or situation. For example, those with obsessions about being contaminated may reduce their mental distress by washing their hands until their skin is raw. There is difference between OCD and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). A personality disorder is, on the one hand, a type of mental illness characterized by serious and persistent distortions in the total personality. Every perception, attitude, feeling and behavior is affected. OCD, on the other hand, is an anxiety disorder. Like other anxiety disorders, fear is at its root—fear of a hot appliance burning down the house, for example, or fear of the body being contaminated by germs. The fear produces an anxiety which can only be alleviated by a ritual, or compulsion, which will reduce the fear. Conclusion Evaluation of Case In conclusion, Adrian Monk has Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. He satisfies the following OCD patterns of behavior: 1. Washer, because he is afraid of contamination; 2. Checker, because Mr. Monk repeatedly checks if the door is locked, or whether the oven is turned off. Mr. Monk checks everything a dozen time just to make sure. For example, he checks his oven if it is closed everyday at least twelve times; 3. Arranger, because he always arranges his utensils based on size and shape and his books based on color. He cannot function in a messy room or disorganized room. In addition, Mr. Monk has other phobias, such as fear of blood and fear of the woods. He is terrified of germs, milk, heights, and spiders. Mr. Monk has a rule that everything he has must come as a multiple of ten. When he buys milk, he gets 10 bottles even though he lives alone and the milk will expire before he has time to drink it all. Monk’s symptoms may improve with therapy, but his OCD will not completely resolve.

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

In The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger used symbolism throughout the novel. Four major symbols were the ducks, the Museum of Natural History, the hunting hat, and Jane Gallagher. They all represent Holden in a way, and Salinger uses these symbols very well. While Holden is wandering around New York City, he asks many people about what happens to the ducks in the pond when it freezes. I think this really symbolizes Holden. He isn’t really wondering about the ducks, he is wondering about himself. He wants to know what will happen to him when the weather gets really cold. He wants to know if he will have to go home, because he is really afraid to. This relates to the theme of going home, which is a recurring theme during the novel. The novel is basically his slow return to his home, and he is wondering whether he should go home or stay outside and freeze. The other two symbols, Jane Gallagher and the Museum of Natural History, both represent the theme of the past. Jane Gallaghe r was an old friend of Holden’s, and he mentions her many times during the story. He mentions that he will call her, but he never gets the nerve to. She is an important part of his past that he misses a lot, and he wants to go back and be with her again. The Museum of Natural History represents a different aspect of his past. While Jane Gallagher makes Holden want to return to his past, the Museum of Natural History sort of changes his mind. He remembers how he used to go there all the time, and how he was different, but the wax figures were always the same. He realizes that he can’t go back in time, because he is not the same as he used to be. He also realizes that he will never be the same as he used to be. One other important symbol is Holden’s hunting cap. I think that his cap represents security. He always seemed to be wearing the hat and every time he puts it on, he always mentions how it makes him feel better. It also represents his individuality. It make s him seem to be different from others since he is the only one to be wearing such a hat and people thinks that it is quite odd when they saw him wear it.

Class and School Size

It is important for students to receive the best education that their schools can offer to them because this would greatly contribute to their future and overall performance. Education is a significant part of a person’s life. Without it, people would have a hard time finding suitable and satisfying jobs and earn money. Still, several factors can affect a person’s learning process. Class and school size are important factors in students’ learning because this would affect their behavior and way of thinking.A class or school that is made up of a large number of students would be hard because it would mean that teachers and instructors would have a hard time monitoring each and everyone’s progress. They would not be able to concentrate on each child, which would somehow have a negative effect on the student because they would feel neglected and unimportant as compared to those who are being closely monitored. As such, there is a possibility that the students ’ learning and education would suffer because they would feel that they are not important members of the school’s community.A small sized class or school has its pros and cons. It would be good for the students because they would be guided and taught without much difficulty. They would also be able to build a close relationship with their classmates and their professors, which would help make them feel comfortable and can encourage them to learn. However, this type of setting would make the students used to being monitored and even â€Å"spoon-fed† with information. They may have a hard time adjusting when they encounter places where the population is larger, whether in another school or at the workplace environment.

Attrition in Pharma Industry Essay

Insights of attrition rate of Medical representatives in Pharma companies and innovative ways to improve them. Overview: Attrition refers to the reduction in staff and employees of company by normal means. The primary focus is to present the high attrition rate seen in the pharmaceutical market industry, its causes and controlling strategy for retention of Pharma sales representatives. Though attrition is a natural phenomena in all industries, Indian Pharma marketing industries is worst plagued by it. After IT and BPO, Pharma marketing industries experience the greatest rate of employee leaving the company for various reasons. While global Pharma marketing attrition rate is 10-12% per annum, the rate of employees who leave the organization in India is 25 -30 %. The attrition is more prevalent in the middle and junior management level, due to which majority of the companies have understood the criticality of talent management. Retention is always a big challenge for any organization in today’s time frame. Indian Pharma companies have started paying attention towards the retainment and management of the Medical Representatives to gain key and valuable employees back into the company. High attrition rate of MR happens due to following reasons: 1) External factors – The demand of fresh talent is more. The companies are looking for fresh talent to incorporate new ideas but the supply is very less, career view point of many young people to join as MR is just to prevent the ‘Stop Gap’ in their career path. The demand-supply imbalance leads to significant efforts to retain and attract a skilled Medical Representative. This has led to higher salary hikes in the Pharma sector than most other sectors .This is clearly a challenge in an industry which is very knowledge and relationship driven. 2) Internal factors – It has been observed that many MR leave their job during the first 3 months itself due to the reasons like they were not serious about their job, They were overqualified and lost interest in their job, They might even be under-qualified and felt bogged down by the challenges of the job, They lack motivation, feel less growth in career path, Monotonous work, limited  training and development op portunities, working environment as well salary and compensation becomes an important issue in some cases etc. Now to meet the global competitiveness; Pharma companies have transformed their survival strategy to competitive strategy as a result there is huge pressures on the shoulder of medical representatives for higher secondary sales achievement and thereby constantly poking the field force which eventually leads to attrition. So the people change organizations frequently. Similarly poor management is also one of the key factors responsible for leaving the organizations. There is a popular saying â€Å"employee leaves the boss not the organizations. â€Å" Poor management includes lack of support to the employee, lack of transparent career growth ladder, adverse relation between the boss and subordinates, lack of motivation. Psychological relationship between leaders and employee is very crucial for sticking of employee in a particular organization. Thus, Organization culture also plays a significant role in sticking of Pharma sales representative in the same company for long run. Retention of the talented employees is always the most important agenda for any company to grow. Sometimes monetary benefits can help as by recent survey it was shown that more and more medical representatives are moving in insurance, telecommunications etc as they are paid double in those sectors but only monetary benefits are not sufficient to retain them it ultimately becomes a hygiene factor in talent management. Thus looking for new methods for attracting, motivating and retaining them becomes very important. Being the first line manager few suggestions to reduce attrition rate: 1. Treat employees as you like to be treated:  Treating and handling the employee with appreciation and care is most necessary. While addressing or pointing out their problems they shouldn’t be criticized and rather should be explained in a courteous manner. The sales representative undergoes a lot of pressures and tensions regarding the achievement of targeted sales so, they should be motivated continuously and should be dealt in same manner as the first line manager or other seniors would like to be treated. Incentives like give free monthly travelling passes, movie tickets, etc. can be given. 2. Ask employees for their opinions and implement the good ideas: Having equal contribution from the entire sales force representatives can have an impact over representative’s mind that their ideas and thoughts are valued and are taken into consideration when need arises. Having certain schemes for bringing about certain new ideas to increase the sales level should be implemented, this shall bring about a flow of innovative ideas and also execution of those ideas will bring about a sense of dignity among employee. 3. Reward those that go above and beyond the call of duty: Certain incentives can be granted when a particular sales representative works excellently and achieves sales beyond the targeted levels. There could also be certain cases when an employee performs or outdoes something which wasn’t achieved by any employee in the company before, for that he should be acknowledged well and should be awarded like salesman of the year, highest target achiever, fastest target achiever, etc. and they should be felicitated in front of the whole company instead of felicitating through emails. 4. Take very good care of your star performers or someone else will: Taking good care of star performers is very essential. Their qualities maybe unique and selling strategies might be very effective. Interacting and making them comfortable about their job shall retain the employee in the company and chances of him leaving the company for another might reduce to some extent. If they are performing really well incentives like foreign trips, etc. can be given. 5. Communicate with your staff: Sales peoples sometimes feel that the company doesn’t care enough for them. So, the higher level executives can make a point to interact with them at a time and get a knowhow about what problems they are facing on the field and other certain issues. First line manager should always communicate through all the sessions with each employee and have discussion regarding all the sales meet and problems related to those the sales rep might’ve had. 6. Hold skip level meetings to make sure that you’re Managers/Directors  are treating their staff correctly: Skip level meetings by higher ups can bring about more peachy feeling in the employee they might feel the concern and guardianship from top executives. This shall further charge and motivate them for the tasks they perform. 7. Build career planning for each employee: If employee wants to pursue further education the company can help by providing him admission in collaborated institutions- tailor made courses as well as sponsoring its education thus meeting the need of the employee which motivates him as well as help the company in retaining him. 8. Bring about job rotation and more growth opportunities: Giving growth opportunities like promotion and assigning certain new functionalities in the job shall increase the overall knowledge about the sales rep and also he won’t feel monotonous about the work he’s been performing. This shall give in-depth knowledge about other functions in the company and shall thereby increase the understanding of the employee about working of the other sectors in company. 9. Making them feel like family member: The employees of the company should be treated as the assets and they must be treated like a family member. Salesperson job is mostly to work out of the company, in such cases wishing them on their birthdays, anniversaries, etc. can be done. Also, paying visit or giving condolences to the MR on death of his family member can make him feel concerned and a part of family. 10. Optimizing target policies: Instead of having fixed monthly targets, the sales targets could be designed individually by looking through their past month performances. Depending on that each month the targeted sales could be increased or optimized depending upon past months performance. This shall bring about an upscale in sales level too. Conclusion: Thus for retaining MR the first line manager should focus on each and every step right from the recruitment, to training and development, rewards and appraisals even fulfilling the needs of MR as all of these steps play a crucial role in motivating and keeping him attracted towards his job.