The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology

The Bowen Reaction Series in Geology The Bowen reaction series is a description of how magmas minerals change  as they cool. The petrologist Norman Bowen (1887-1956) carried out decades of melting experiments in the early 1900s in support of his theory of granite. He found that as a basaltic melt slowly cooled, minerals formed crystals in a definite order. Bowen worked out two sets of these, which he named the discontinuous and continuous series in his 1922 paper The Reaction Principle in Petrogenesis. The Bowen's Reaction Series The discontinuous series starts with olivine, then pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. What makes this a reaction series rather than an ordinary series is that each mineral in the series is replaced by the next one as the melt cools. As Bowen put it, The disappearance of minerals in the order in which they appear ... is of the very essence of the reaction series. Olivine forms crystals, then it reacts with the rest of the magma as pyroxene forms at its expense. At a certain point, all the olivine is resorbed, and only pyroxene exists. Then pyroxene reacts with the liquid as amphibole crystals replace it, and then biotite replaces amphibole. The continuous series is plagioclase feldspar. At high temperatures, the high-calcium variety anorthite forms. Then as temperatures fall it is replaced by more sodium-rich varieties: bytownite, labradorite, andesine, oligoclase, and albite. As the temperature continues to fall, these two series merge, and more minerals crystallize in this order: Alkali feldspar, muscovite, and quartz. A minor reaction series involves the spinel group of minerals: chromite, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanite. Bowen placed them between the two main series. Other Portions of the Series The complete series is not found in nature, but many igneous rocks display portions of the series. The main limitations are the state of the liquid, the speed of cooling and the tendency of mineral crystals to settle under gravity: If the liquid runs out of an element needed for a particular mineral, the series with that mineral gets interrupted.If the magma cools faster than the reaction can proceed, early minerals can persist in partly resorbed form. That changes the evolution of the magma.If crystals can rise or sink, they stop reacting with the liquid and pile up somewhere else. All of these factors affect the course of a magmas evolution- its differentiation. Bowen was confident that he could start with basalt magma, the most common type, and build any magma from the right combination of the three. But mechanisms that he discounted- magma mixing, assimilation of country rock and remelting of crustal rocks- not to mention the whole system of plate tectonics he did not foresee, are much more important than he thought. Today we know that not even the largest bodies of basaltic magma sit still long enough differentiate all the way to granite.

Fried Green Tomatoes essays

Fried Green Tomatoes essays For this paper I have chosen to review the film Fried Green Tomatoes. It is a tale of a small old town, its more popular residents, and a murder mystery told in retrospect by the main character Idggy. I was able to identify several social structures within the small town during the movies flashbacks as well as its modern day narrative setting. There were no government officials present, but a sheriff kept order amongst citizens. That same sheriff, however, partied with the same people that he enforced the law upon. It was the typical small town environment where everyone knew each other and was generally friendly towards one another. There was also a bad guy who became important when it was found out that he was abusing his wife and trying to control her and her child. There were also blacks in town that were not treated as fairly as the white people. I saw these structures affect the characters at different times throughout the movie. The black/white issue was present throughout, as we saw them being butlers, doing whites chores, as well as other labor oriented tasks. The bad guy was confronted by nice town folk when it was found out that he abused his wife. As far as t he sheriff, his role came into play when he had to arrest Idggy for the murder of the abusive man. The only time the structures were changed was when a black man, Big George, was accused of the murder. If Idggy hadnt gone on trial, George wouldve had to go on trial. He surely would have been hung, but Iddgy cared for him and took responsibility knowing that she could win and spare his life too. Norms that were portrayed are similar to the situations above. They are also similar to todays small towns in some respects, such as being friendly and knowing everyone. There are some big differences with other norms from todays society though. The race issue is th ...

High Carbohydrated food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

High Carbohydrated food - Essay Example Hence, the main danger is the excessive intake of wrong high-carbohydrate intakes resulting in increase in weight. Carbohydrates may be beneficial if they include a healthy balance of different fats. A single dietary intake may, on one hand, result in excessive fats of one kind and on the other hand, lack of other healthier fats, proteins and fibers. High Carbohydrate diet contains more of vitamin A, Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron etc. and low of Vitamin B12, Zinc and Sodium (FitDay). The carbohydrates low on Glycemic index provides a control on blood sugar level after having the meals. The unawareness of high Carb/high Glycemic index diet boosts the sugar level to extremes which later on results in fatigues and distress due to energy crashes. French baguette has a Glycemic index of 95 and Peanuts has an index of 14. Hence, Peanuts are less likely to affect sugar level, whereas, French Baguettes are more likely to boost sugar level and provide an unnaturally high energy to the human body. Diabetic, cardiac and other patients must be aware of their intake needs. High-carb/low glycemic index helps preventing high blood sugar levels and balanced weight and energy of human body (Greenberg, 2011). FitDay. "Low vs. High Carbohydrate Diet: Which is Better? / Nutrition / Carbs."  FitDay - Free Weight Loss and Diet Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26  Sept.  2013. . Greenberg, Riva. "The High Carb Diet That Keeps You Healthy, Fit and Trim."  The Huffington Post. HPMG News, 21  Mar.  2011. Web. 26  Sept.  2013.

Developments in Organizational Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Developments in Organizational Politics - Essay Example Defined as a â€Å"controversial concept† by Vigoda- Gadot (2003), organizational politics is a common occurrence the degree of which differs from organization to organization. Self-interest is the main cause of organizational politics and it has been aptly described as â€Å"the pursuit of self interest at work in face of every sort of opposition real or imagined† (Kreitner2008). A more detailed explanation of organizational politics is given by Jennifer (2009) who has described it as activities the managers indulge in to strengthen their position in the firm. Elaborating further Jennifer (2009) said that it is a means through which managers gain power and thereby use it to their advantage such as pursuing goals suited to the individual or the department. Organizational politics originates from a number of sources and operates at individual, collective and organizational level (Yammarino 2002). However it has been observed that an individual could certainly benefit fro m organizational politics (Porter, Angle &Allen 2003). Generally the organizational politics is seen in a negative light and is described as the process which does not conform to the normal role behavior of the organization and is the means through which people acquire and use power to meet their personal goals (McKenna 2000). This statement was confirmed by a majority of employees who stated that organizational politics was harmful for the organization. ... Those managers who obtain a greater share of resources are considered powerful and influential and that’s why managers use dishonest methods such as inflating the budget to gain a favorable share. It has been seen that conflicts occur during annual budget allocation and these conflicts cause political activity in organizations (Daft 2009). Jennifer (2009) believes that as growth in an organization becomes limited especially for managers who already occupy senior positions organizational politics become common to gain power and influence by several methods including impressing the kingpins (Jennifer2009). Organizational politics also occurs because of the presence of uncertainty and lack of clarity in an organization. Organizational politics comes into play when company adopts ambiguous goals. These ambiguous goals provide a perfect opportunity to managers especially those at the top to pursue personal goals in disguise of organization goals. Moreover, political activity become s more prominent when non-programmed decisions need to be taken for instance two managers competing for the same post can be manipulative. Badham& Buchanan (2008) have labeled personal ambition and competition between the various departments as other sources of organizational politics. Another important origin identified by Badham& Buchanan (2008) is â€Å"change†. According to them when change occurs in an organization, it tends to disturb the comfort zone of the employees so to preserve their interests, they engage in organizational politics. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory gives another view to the organizational politics. According to this theory the expectations of an employee significantly influence his perceptions,

A voice, a mystery Essay Example for Free

A voice, a mystery Essay William Wordsworths To the Cuckoo and John Keats Ode to a nightingale are comparable in many different aspects. The two poems have striking similarities and appear akin to one another. Both poems are likely to be written in related styles; both Wordsworth and Keats wrote in the same era, and were both Romantic Poets. They are also both poets of similar stature and regarded to be of similar ability. They both talk of similar a subject matter, a bird that is personally special. There are parallels to be drawn, but there are also many ways in which the poems contrast. It becomes clear that both poets perceive and respond to their subjects rather differently, and that the poems differ in meaning, direction and quality. The nucleus of both poems is a bird, Keats writes of a nightingale and Wordsworth of a Cuckoo. Birds are very modest and insignificant creatures, yet both poets have used them to extensively express emotion. To these poets their respective birds are extraordinary and important. Neither poet refers to one particular creature, but they both use the species of bird representatively. It is not their fondness for the bird as if it were a pet, a domestic animal, but their fondness of the free animal species that inspires them. It is important to acknowledge that although both poets, especially Wordsworth enjoy using lavish description, neither describes the physical appearance of the bird. They are both using the birds as metaphors, as symbols. Wordsworth makes the bird an invisible thing/ a voice, a mystery He does not see the bird, he can only hear it. This is to enhance the metaphorical strength of the bird. Keats similarly does not feel the need to describe the nightingale. Whereas Wordsworth does this to make his image more mystical and ambiguous, to Keats it does not matter what it looks like, it is the nightingales spirit he writes about. He talks primarily about its manner and its ways. Wordsworth also makes the cuckoo seem more divine and more powerful by using Voice and Cry with capital letters. This makes the sound of the cuckoo personify the bird and what it represents. The cuckoo is not regarded as beautiful physically, so he chooses to show it and even call it by its voice, O Cuckoo! shall I call thee bird, Or but a wondering Voice. Keats also points out the nightingales singing capacity, creating audible and not only visual imagery, Singest of summer in full-throated ease. The way the two poets perceive and react to their subjects is where the two poets vary greatly. It is relevant that in Tintern Abbey, Wordsworth says the following: Of eye and ear, both what they half create, And what perceive Both poets do follow this idea. They use imagination to expand on what they see and do so in different directions. The fact that Wordsworth does not see the Cuckoo means he can invent and expand greatly. Both poets are clearly partial to the birds, but show different attitudes towards them. Wordsworth longs for the bird, he needs the bird and is fond of it. Keats insists he is not jealous, Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thy happiness However, he certainly shows contempt towards the bird and expresses an unhappy longing which borders on envy. In essence, the bird is part of Wordsworth. It is part of his past. He is yearning for his past so he longs for the cuckoo. The cuckoo is the symbol for his past. It is something he has left, something that has not changed. The same whom in my schoolboy days, I listend to

Essay on Imagery in King Lear -- King Lear essays

Imagery in King Lear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the immense amount of writing that William Shakespeare had done in his career as a playwright and or writer in general there are bound to be some consistencies and reoccurring themes that make his writing so popular and interesting.   In many cases it is hard to tell whether the thematic structure that many writers follow is intentional or not, but it is possible that there is a reasoning for a specific kind of imagery that a writer likes to outline his/her writing after.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are dominating images which are characteristic of Shakespeare's work throughout, however in some of the earlier plays they are very obvious and in many cases intentional.   Imagery, as defined by the Sixth Edition Handbook to Literature, is in its literal sense "a collection of images in a literary work that may be an object, phrase or entity."   The Handbook explains that imagery is often not intentional but seems to be a basis for a look at a deeper meaning of a certain piece of work.   It is important to be aware of certain recurrent images which are symbolic in Shakespeare such as the use of light and its components in Romeo and Juliet, disease and how it is used in King Lear and what I will be discussing in this paper the use of the heart as an entity and how it is used in the dramas written by William Shakespeare.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The heart image is seen literally over a thousand times in the works of Shakespeare with a frequency of almost thirty per play and mostly in the tragedies.   With so many references of the heart used in the tragedies and the typical time frame used to perform each play, which was about two hours, the audience might hear twelve to fifteen heart images an hour and... ...est of the play.   King Lear is a man who is portrayed as a very compassionate man who lives on the fact that his trust in his daughters will never be abandoned.   The betrayal by his loved ones sets up the impact of the play which in turn shows how dramatic the use of the heart and all of its imagery components is for King Lear.   At the end of the play when Lear loses his last daughter Shakespeare leads us to understand that he had lead a life of war and turmoil and has transformed himself from being a bitter, crusty, old man into becoming a caring and complete human being.   Some critics say that Lear might have died from a heart attack from all the stress he had to endure in such a short amount of time.   I think he died from a broken heart from the loss of his daughters, his sanity, and the peaceful life he so desired during his retirement from the throne.      

Bill Gates: Leader and Role Model Essay

Bill Gates is an effective leader and leadership role model and he is my choice for a role a model. Bill Gates has demonstrated and employed good leadership skills to be a successful business man. He has also demonstrated why he is a good role model for those who want to become leaders themselves. I believe that I share many of the leadership traits with Bill Gates and that those traits will help me in my plan for success. The reasons I chose Bill Gates as my leadership role model are as follows: he is one of the founders of Microsoft and has shown good leadership with the decisions he has made running the company and is also in the same field as my career of study which is programming. Bill Gates has many qualities of a leader, but most notably is the fact that he drove his employees hard and himself harder (Boyd, 1995). Throughout the years Bill Gates has shown his leadership capabilities through his dedication and hard work by the ever growing success of Microsoft. Another example of his leadership ability was when he released Windows 3.0 and won the battle for the first GUI operating system, he did this by keeping his hand involved in all the major, potential competitors to his pet project while also continuing development of his own product (Boyd, 1995). A few of the characteristics of an effective leader are knowing the industry in which you plan to work, building your team so that you have sufficient help to accomplish what you set out to do, and most importantly develop a vision and solid goal so the people that work for you know what they are working towards (Hill, 2009). Bill Gates has these traits as well as many more such as being motivated, being intelligent, and being hard working. In his earliest days developing DOS he would joke about what he called his seven-hour turnaround: leave the office late at night, go home, eat, sleep, and be back in the office only seven hours later, and he was proud of it (Boyd, 1995) this just goes to show how hard working he was. My own personal strengths that I have noticed are math, reading, technology (Cook, Week 2 CSI Summary, 2011), and being logical when it comes to problem solving (Cook, Personal Profile(Week 2 Journal Entry), 2011) which I believe I share with Bill Gates. The reasons I believe that these personal strengths will help me to succeed are that it will make it easier to solve work related problems because of my logical thinking process (Cook, Personal Profile(Week 2 Journal Entry), 2011). Also these strengths are an ideal match for the career path that I have chosen with is computer programming. In the field of programming you need to be efficient in all of these areas in order to succeed. Critical thinking is going to play a big part in my plan for success; it will help me to improve upon myself and to make better decisions, not only in my personal life but in my career as well. It will help me to not only know what company I should work for, but also provide me with the best way to tackle particular projects at work. Leadership skills will also play a big part in my plan for success by making it easier to accomplish my goals and giving me more options for my career. By having leadership skills I won’t be limited to just being a programmer I could in fact be a lead programmer heading up and directing an entire team. Accountability will help me to increase my chances of completing my goals of having a higher paying job that I love, like leadership skills will, but in a different way. It will make me more responsible because I am taking accountability for my actions whether it is positive or negative results. So by employing motivation, intellect, and hard work along with other leadership qualities Bill Gates has made Microsoft the company that it is today. So, with a little determination, hard work, and know how anyone can be like Bill Gates and create a thriving company. So in conclusion we should all strive to be like Bill Gates and be just as motivated and hard working in everything we do. References Boyd, A. (1995). Smart money: the story of bill Gates. In A. Boyd, Smart money: the story of bill gates. (pp. 9-26). Greensboro: Morgan Reynolds Inc. Cook, W. (2011). Personal profile(week 2 journal entry). Rockford. Cook, W. (2011). Week 2 csi summary. Rockford. Hill, C. (2009, April). Daily news. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from NYDailyNews.com: http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-04-04/news/17928884_1_leader-understands-achievable Serrano, G. (2009, April). The gates’ leadership. Retrieved August 14, 2011, from Trends Updates: http://trendsupdates.com/the-gates%E2%80%99-leadership/

Cowboys and Indians †Clara Madsen Essay

1) Resume The story â€Å"Cowboys and Indians† is about a girl, who is at her grandmothers funeral. She doesn’t feel very comfortable, so she calls her cousin David to come and rescue her. He is a real rebellion and he picks her up on his motorcycle. Their first stop is at a bar where they drink a couple of shots and a beer. Then they drive of again. At the second stop they smoke a joint and talk about their grandmother, and how David feels stuck in his life. Then they gets hungry and decides to eat at a little takeout stand. There are sitting two old women. They tell that the wind brings devil spirits and they think that David and the narrator brought it with them. Then they drive home, and says their goodbye outside the house. David doesn’t want to deal with the family. 2) Characterize The Narrator is a girl with two personalities. She have learned to behave so she can fit in the society, but she is an outlaw. Almost like David. She hasn’t found her right identity yet, so she is living a kind of double life? Already in the beginning she knows that she is old enough to help ind the house and talk to people, but she just want to escape. â€Å"Our grandfather, the patriarch of the family, despised us both†. (l. 57) The grandfather also thinks that she is different even though she tries to hide it. The narrator is also an little naive, because she believes in almost everything David tells her. She wants to be tough and cool, when she is around him but she is often a little insecure.

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance

Definition and Examples of Rhetorical Stance The rhetorical stance is the role or behavior of a speaker or writer in relation to their subject, audience, and persona (or voice). The term rhetorical stance was coined in 1963 by American rhetorician Wayne C. Booth. Its sometimes also referred to as footing. Examples and Observations The common ingredient that I find in all of the writing I admireexcluding, for now, novels, plays and poemsis something that I shall reluctantly call the rhetorical stance, a stance which depends on discovering and maintaining in any writing situation a proper balance among the three elements that are at work in any communicative effort: the available arguments about the subject itself, the interests and peculiarities of the audience, and the voice, the implied character, of the speaker. I should like to suggest that it is this balance, this rhetorical stance, difficult as it is to describe, that is our main goal as teachers of rhetoric.(Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetorical Stance. College Composition and Communication, October 1963)Rhetorical Stance in Speaking and WritingClosely related to tone is the concept of rhetorical stance, which is a fancy term for a simple idea.Most language transactions are face-to-face: we can see the people we are talking to. In these situations, we all make subtle shifts in our way of talking, depending on the audience, and it is these shiftssome of which are not so subtlethat make up our rhetorical stance in spoken discourse. . . .In short, when you talk, you adjust your rhetorical stance continually, using different techniques for different people in various situations.In writing, the tone is a part of rhetorical stance: seriousness, irony, humor, outrage, and so on. So is purpose: you can explain, explore, or demonstrate; you can attempt to persuade someone to take any action or make a decision. And, of course, you can try to rouse emotions with a poem or to amuse people with a fictional tale.(W. Ross Winterowd, The Contemporary Writer. Harcourt, 1981) Adapting to an Audience[R]hetorical stance is pure Aristotle. The stance is all about adjusting tone and purpose to different audiences. Here the student chooses a stand on a given topic with a keen eye on the audience. The purpose is not to manipulate in the Sophist sense but to better garner arguments, evidence that will convince. Rhetorical stance also invites being an insider in order to get into the mind of that audience.(Joyce Armstrong Carroll and Edward E. Wilson, Four by Four: Practical Methods for Writing Persuasively. ABC-CLIO, 2012)Your Rhetorical StanceWhere do you stand on that? is a question often asked of political figures and other authorities. But writers must ask the question of themselves as well. Understanding where you stand on your topicyour rhetorical stancehas several advantages. It will help you examine where your opinions come from and thus help you address the topic fully; it will help you see how your stance might differ from the stances held by members o f your audience, and it will help you establish your credibility with your audience. This part of your rhetorical stanceyour ethos or credibilityhelps determine how well your message will be received. To be credible, you will need to do your homework on your subject, present your information fairly and honestly, and be respectful of your audience.(Andrea A. Lunsford, The St. Martins Handbook, 7th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2011)

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables

Moment Generating Functions of Random Variables One way to calculate the mean and variance of a probability distribution is to find the expected values of the random variables X and X2. We use the notation E(X) and E(X2) to denote these expected values. In general, it is difficult to calculate E(X) and E(X2) directly. To get around this difficulty, we use some more advanced mathematical theory and calculus. The end result is something that makes our calculations easier. The strategy for this problem is to define a new function, of a new variable t that is called the moment generating function. This function allows us to calculate moments by simply taking derivatives. Assumptions Before we define the moment generating function, we begin by setting the stage with notation and definitions. We let X be a discrete random variable. This random variable has the probability mass function f(x). The sample space that we are working with will be denoted by S. Rather than calculating the expected value of X, we want to calculate the expected value of an exponential function related to X. If there is a positive real number r such that E(etX) exists and is finite for all t in the interval [-r, r], then we can define the moment generating function of X. Definition The moment generating function is the expected value of the exponential function above. In other words, we say that the moment generating function of X is given by: M(t) E(etX) This expected value is the formula ÃŽ £ etx f (x), where the summation is taken over all x in the sample space S. This can be a finite or infinite sum, depending upon the sample space being used. Properties The moment generating function has many features that connect to other topics in probability and mathematical statistics. Some of its most important features include: The coefficient of etb is the probability that X b.Moment generating functions possess a uniqueness property. If the moment generating functions for two random variables match one another, then the probability mass functions must be the same. In other words, the random variables describe the same probability distribution.Moment generating functions can be used to calculate moments of X. Calculating Moments The last item in the list above explains the name of moment generating functions and also their usefulness. Some advanced mathematics says that under the conditions that we laid out, the derivative of any order of the function M (t) exists for when t 0. Furthermore, in this case, we can change the order of summation and differentiation with respect to t to obtain the following formulas (all summations are over the values of x in the sample space S): M’(t) ÃŽ £ xetx f (x)M’’(t) ÃŽ £ x2etx f (x)M’’’(t) ÃŽ £ x3etx f (x)M(n)’(t) ÃŽ £ xnetx f (x) If we set t 0 in the above formulas, then the etx term becomes e0 1. Thus we obtain formulas for the moments of the random variable X: M’(0) E(X)M’’(0) E(X2)M’’’(0) E(X3)M(n)(0) E(Xn) This means that if the moment generating function exists for a particular random variable, then we can find its mean and its variance in terms of derivatives of the moment generating function. The mean is M’(0), and the variance is M’’(0) – [M’(0)]2. Summary In summary, we had to wade into some pretty high-powered mathematics, so some things were glossed over. Although we must use calculus for the above, in the end, our mathematical work is typically easier than by calculating the moments directly from the definition.

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense - Essay Example As the discussion stressers after serving the punishment handed down by the juvenile justice system, the juvenile delinquent is released from custody or supervision. The interest in the effectiveness of the justice system in reforming the individual gave rise to a wealth of literature particularly in the subject of re-offense. This paper aims to determine and discuss the nature of troubled youth re-offense and evaluate the policies aimed in addressing them. In reading this paper, one will come to know that re-offense is more commonly referred to as recidivism and that several socio-demographic, legal and policy-related factors are involved in its dynamics. From this paper it is clear that reoffending is more commonly known as recidivism and is legally taken to refer to the act of an individual committing an offense after being released from a correctional facility. The interest in determining the tendency of an individual to commit a crime again has given rise to several studies concerning recidivism. Maltz conducted a literature review and was able to identify at least 14 working definitions with the most prominent being re-arrest, resentence and readjust/reconviction. An individual is re-arrested once he is taken into custody after being released from custody or supervision after a certain time. This measure is argued to be dubious due to the fact that the arrestee may have been arrested for a delinquent behaviour that he did not commit. In short, the mere act of being arrested is taken to be indicative of recidivism. A child or an adolescent is considered to have been resentenced once he is subjected to a period of custody or superv ision.  

Consumer Buying Behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Buying Behavior - Assignment Example This involves a detailed study of how buyers think and behave during purchase situations, and what factors may influence their tastes and preference towards certain brands. Consumer buying behaviour is, therefore, the study of the ways of buying and disposing of goods, services, ideas or experiences by individuals, groups, and organizations in order to satisfy their needs and wants (Kotler & Hibbard, 2014). Alternatively, consumer buying behaviour â€Å"refers to the buying behaviour of final consumers, both individuals and households, who buy goods and services for personal consumption† (Hibbard, 2014,). This occurs when the consumer is immensely involved in the purchase process, and there are notable contrasts amongst the brands to acquire. This implies that the consumer has to conduct research about the product/service and the marketers must, therefore, supply all-inclusive information with regards to product/service characteristics. A medical example, in this case, is when a hospital wants to acquire medical equipment such as x-ray machines for the hospital. The hospital’s procurement officer (consumer) is highly involved because of th e significant financial involvement (high risk) in the acquisition, and the unfamiliarity with the commodity. There are many brands according to manufacturers (about 75 suppliers) and they are used for different purposes. This compounded with the fact that they have different price tags makes the consumer very sceptical. He must, therefore, conduct thorough research to eliminate brands that do not suit the hospital’s need requirements and fit his budget plan respectively. Here, consumer participation, while acquiring the product/service, is low, and there are noteworthy contrasts between the brands. The consumers attempt to find variations in products or services. Thus, the marketers must rally the market to buy their commodities through means such as promotions, publicity and advertising. A medical example, in this case, includes medical cosmetics for products like toothpaste.